Vector Search with OpenAI Embeddings: Lucene Is All You Need.
We provide a reproducible, end-to-end demonstration of vector search with
OpenAI embeddings using Lucene on the popular MS MARCO passage ranking test
collection. The main goal of our work is to challenge the prevailing narrative
that a dedicated vector store is necessary to take advantage of recent advances
in deep neural networks as applied to search. Quite the contrary, we show that
hierarchical navigable small-world network (HNSW) indexes in Lucene are
adequate to provide vector search capabilities in a standard bi-encoder
architecture. This suggests that, from a simple cost-benefit analysis, there
does not appear to be a compelling reason to introduce a dedicated vector store
into a modern “AI stack” for search, since such applications have already
received substantial investments in existing, widely deployed infrastructure.

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